Раствор кладочный пропорции: Кладочный раствор: состав, виды, пропорции приготовления

Как заготавливать раствор для кладки кирпича? Обзор и Пропорции +Видео

Строения из кирпича очень долговечные и надежные. Они могут стоять годами. Да что годами! Веками. Но кирпич не считается дешёвым материалом.

Ведь для создания небольшого строения понадобится довольно много этого строительного материала. И всё-таки, кирпичные дома  никогда не выйдут из моды и долгое время не потеряют внешний вид.

Приготовление раствора для кладки кирпича — тема этой статьи. Поговорим далее.

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Любой кирпич, будь он силикатный или керамический, применяют для построения домов, внутренних стен в доме, ограждений, выкладывают печи, камины, мангалы. В результате выходят эстетичные стены и другие изделия из кирпича, устойчивые к разнообразным воздействиям.

Для крепости и надёжности будущего строения необходимо сделать добротный раствор, при помощи него скрепляются ряды и отдельные кирпичи. Есть несколько разновидностей растворов с разными компонентами и об этом мы поговорим в этой статье дальше.

Приготовление раствора для кладки кирпича

Сухие вещества и воду смешивают и хорошо перемешивают.

Известковые растворы

Считается, что самым лучшим раствором считается цементный раствор.

Для  кирпича подходит более пластичный состав, что необходимо для возведения различных ограждений и внутренних стен. Поэтому можно применять теплый раствор из извести, который приготавливают из негашёной измельчённой извести и песка.

Сухие составляющие тщательно смешивают, а потом только добавляют воду. После добавления воды, всё хорошо смешивают, смесь для кладки на выходе не должна содержать комочков и примесей.

Компоненты для раствора берут в пропорциях: 1 часть известки, 2-5 части песка.

Цементные растворы

В цементном растворе, главными составляющими являются цемент и песок. От марки цемента зависят пропорции ингредиентов. Например: 1 часть цемента и 3-6 частей песка.

Сухие ингредиенты с водой перемешиваем до образования единой массы. Вначале замешиваем сухие ингредиенты, а только потом добавляют воду. Но такой способ не очень хороший, так как даже при использовании разных марок бетона раствор выходит малоподвижным и жёстким.

Цементно-известковый раствор

Раствор состоит их извести и цемента. Принцип приготовления раствора:

1. Известковая масса (гашеная известь), разводят ее водой до густого состояния, затем процеживается;
2. Сухой цемент и песок соединяют;
3. Сухие составляющие разводят известковым раствором и смешивают.

Известь вводят для пластичности, и использовался для кладки из любого вида кирпича.

Простой раствор

Обычный раствор изготавливают из связывающего вещества и песка. Иногда как вяжущее вещество берут глину, но этот раствор используют для узко специализированных работ.

Цементно — песчаную смесь  готовят 1:3 .  Все сухие составляющие перемешиваем, потом постепенно наливаем воду. После добавления воды смесь размешивают.

Сложный раствор

По консистенции раствор не должен быть жидким, как вода.

Сложным замесом раствора считается, тот замес, в котором участвует несколько составляющих и вяжущий материал. Например: цементно-известково-глиняный или цементно-известковый.

При добавлении глины раствор не разваливается, укладывается аккуратно и легко.

Для кладки кирпича фасадных стен в раствор добавляют пластификаторы. Такой раствор очень экономичен, на поверхность наносится ровным слоем.

Специалисты рекомендуют приготовление такого раствора, но он займёт немного больше времени при приготовлении.

Соотношение ингредиентов

Для приготовления правильного раствора нужно рассчитать количество ингредиентов. Для раствора песок берут средней фракции, марка раствора возможна разная, но именно фракция песка влияет на пропорции. Например:

1. Используем  цемент М-500, пропорции будут такими: 1 часть цемента на 2/10 извести берут 3 части песка;
2. Используем марку цемента 400, пропорции будут такими: 1 часть цемента на 1-3/10 частей извести на 2,5- 4 части песка;
3. Используем марку цемента 300, берётся 1 часть цемента на 2/10 извести на 3,5 песка.

Все составляющие раствора нужно хорошо перемешать.

Этот пример для цементно-известняковой смеси и для цементно-песчаной смеси.

Пропорции раствора:

1. При использовании марки цемента 500, берут 1 часть цемента на 3 части песка;
2. на марку цемента 400, берут 1 часть цемента на 2,5 части песка.

Полезная информация

Способы кладки

Укладывают кирпич по особым правилам, чтобы строительная конструкция была монолитной, прочной.

Чтобы сделать раствор, используют холодную воду без всяких загрязнений, температура ее должна составлять 15-20 градусов.

Все дозировки при изготовлении кладочной смеси нужно соблюдать точно.

Расход воды:

1. Марка бетона 100, берут 1 часть цемента от 1/2 до 7/10 частей воды;
2. Цементно – песчаный раствор. На части цемента используют 8/10 частей воды.

Расход цемента:

1. Марка М100 – 300-250 кг на м3;
2. М150 — 400-330 кг на м3;
3. М200 — 490-410 кг на м3;
4. М300 — 600-510 кг на м3.

Подвижность раствора

Подвижность раствора является важной характеристикой. Данная величина зависит от того, какие ингредиенты замешивают в раствор.

Для проверки подвижности раствора применяют конус, угол которого составляет 30 градусов, высота 15 см и масса 300 грамм. Конус погружаем, в приготовленный раствор. То, на какое количество сантиметров погрузился конус, и есть цифра, показывающая подвижность состава.

Измеряем подвижность раствора

Для чего необходимо измерять подвижность раствора?

Для качественной кирпичной кладки необходимо выбирать качественный кирпич и выбирать качественные компоненты для раствора. От качества всех материалов зависит качество, прочность и надёжность будущего строения.

В наше время используют разные кладочные растворы, но их выбор зависит от метеорологических условий, при которых будет производиться кладка кирпича и в каких целях будет использоваться строительный материал.

Это нужно для прочности кирпичной кладки.

• Для полнотелого кирпича берут раствор с подвижностью 9-13 см,
• для пустотелого кирпича берут смесь с подвижностью 7-8 см,
• в жаркую погоду берут раствор с подвижностью до 12-14 см.

Перед началом работ с кирпичом и кладочными растворами тщательно изучите все нюансы, правильно подберите раствор, правильно приготовьте. А лучше всего доверьте работу специалистам в этой области, они всё должны сделать по правилам. Желаем вам удачи в начинаниях!

 

90000 Masonry Mortar Types and Joints 90001 90002 Mortar is the material that sticks two masonry units together and prevents water from getting into the wall — it is what you see between bricks. Since mortar plays such an important role in masonry construction, selecting the correct type of mortar is vital. 90003 90002 As discussed in our article 90005 Mortar vs. Grout 90006, mortar sticks and grout fills. We have a separate article that covers 90005 masonry grout 90006, which is generally used to fill the cavities of concrete block.90003 90002 Mortar is also used in ceramic tile construction, which we discuss at 90005 Thin-Set Tile Mortar Types 90006. 90003 90002 The ingredients used in mortar are water, cement, lime, and fine aggregates like sand. The proportions of the ingredients vary based on the performance properties required in the final product (bonding strength, compressive strength, flexural strength). 90003 90016 Mason installing mortar 90017 Masonry Mortar Types 90018 90002 Mortar is classified by 90005 ASTM C 270 Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry 90006.There are four main types of mortar, which are described below in order of decreasing strength. In addition, Type K mortar is sometimes used, but is no longer included in the ASTM C 270 standard. 90003 90002 Mortar is meant to be plastic, meaning it will accommodate movement within the wall without rupturing. Therefore, you should never specify a mortar that has a higher compressive strength than needed. A balance of compressive strength, flexural strength, and adhesion is required for a high quality installation.90003 90025 Type M Mortar 90026 90002 Type M mortar is the highest strength mortar (minimum 2500 psi) and should only be used where significant compressive strength is required. This type of mortar is generally used with hard stone. Since it closely mimics the strength of stone, it will not fail before the stone itself fails. 90003 90002 Type M mortar is less workable than other types so it should only be specified when needed. It also lack good adhesion so it may not seal properly. 90003 90002 90032 Type M Mortar Uses: 90033 Below grade applications where extreme gravity or lateral loads are present, such as in retaining walls.In conjunction with hard stone or other masonry units that have a high compressive strength. 90003 90025 Type S Mortar 90026 90002 Type S mortar is a medium-strength mortar (minimum 1800 psi). Since it is stronger than Type N, it can be used for below-grade exterior walls and other exterior projects projects like patios. In addition, it has higher bonding and lateral strength than type N, which makes it a good choice for resisting moderate soil pressures below grade. 90003 90002 90032 Type S Mortar Uses: 90033 Below grade applications with normal to moderate loading.Locations where the masonry is in contact with the ground, such as paving or shallow retaining walls. 90003 90025 Type N Mortar (General Purpose) 90026 90002 Type N is the most common type of mortar and is the best all-around selection unless special characteristics are required. It is medium strength (minimum 750 psi) and is meant for reinforced interior and above-grade exterior load-bearing walls. It is great for semi-soft stone or masonry since it will flex more than a high-strength mortar — this prevents cracking of the masonry units.90003 90002 90032 Type N Mortar Uses: 90033 General purpose applications above grade where normal loading occurs. 90003 90025 Type O Mortar 90026 90002 Type O mortar is a low strength mortar (minimum 350 psi) that is used in non-load-bearing interior applications. It is easy to work with so it is often used to repair mortar where the wall is structurally sound. Type O mortar is sometimes used with masonry units that have a low compressive strength (i.e. sandstone or brownstone) so that the mortar allows more flexing, which prevents cracks in the units.90003 90002 90032 Type O Mortar Uses: 90033 Interior non-load-bearing applications with very limited exterior use. Repointing where the structural integrity of the wall is intact. 90003 90025 Type K Mortar 90026 90002 Type K mortar is no longer included in the ASTM C 270 specification; however, it is still sometimes used in historic preservation projects. It has the lowest compressive strength of any mortar so it will not cause damage to fragile stones or masonry. 90003 90002 90032 Type K Mortar Uses: 90033 Historic Preservation projects where a very soft mortar is required to avoid damage to fragile stone — note that the mortar will not provide bearing capacity.90003 90017 Masonry Mortar Joints 90018 90002 Mortar joints are typically 3/8 «, but can vary from 1/4» to 1/2 «- we cover this more in our brick sizes article. 90003 90002 90032 Bed joints 90033 are the horizontal mortar joints, or the bed of mortar that the next brick sits on. Full mortar bedding joints cover the entire top of the masonry unit and are the most common bedding type. Face shell mortar bedding has a narrow bed of mortar at the faces of the masonry unit and should only be used in interior non-load-bearing construction.90003 90075 CMU with face shell mortar bedding at left and full mortar bedding at right 90076 Brick with face shell mortar bedding at left and full mortar bedding at right 90002 The vertical joints between masonry units are called 90032 head joints 90033. 90003 90002 Joints are finished using a tool or trowel, but the tool makes for a more compact and clean finish. Each type of joint has pros and cons, which are mostly related to their effectiveness at shedding water, which is the most critical factor for weatherability.90003 90083 90002 90025 Concave Mortar Joint 90026 90003 90002 Weatherability: Good 90003 90002 The standard joint, which is universally accepted as the best joint for preventing water penetration. 90003 90092 90093 90002 90025 V Mortar Joint 90026 90003 90002 Weatherability: Fair 90003 90002 This joint is less successful at shedding water due to the point of the V, which can be an entry point for water if not tooled perfectly.90003 90092 90103 90002 90025 Weathered Mortar Joint 90026 90003 90002 Weatherability: Fair 90003 90002 Due to the slope of the mortar, this joint also performs fairly well. However, water can run across the underside of the brick and enter if the mortar is not well adhered. 90003 90092 90113 90002 90025 Struck Mortar Joint 90026 90003 90002 Weatherability: Very Poor 90003 90002 The slope of the joint pulls water into the joint and allows it to sit on the brick, which gives the water more time to penetrate.90003 90002 Interior Use Only. 90003 90092 90125 90002 90025 Flush Mortar Joint 90026 90003 90002 Weatherability: Poor 90003 90002 This joint is susceptible to water sitting on the top of the joint if it protrudes slightly from the brick. 90003 90092 90135 90002 90025 Raked Mortar Joint 90026 90003 90002 Weatherability: Very Poor 90003 90002 The ledge allows water to sit on top of the brick and potentially get sucked into the wall.90003 90002 Interior Use Only. 90003 90017 Specifying Mortar 90018 90002 There are two methods for specifying mortar when issuing construction documents. You can either specify the performance properties of the hardened mortar or you can specify the proportions of the ingredients in the mortar. It is absolutely critical that the specifier understand the structural requirements that the project must adhere to so that the mortar type and mix can be specified correctly. When in doubt, be sure to consult a structural engineer.90003 90002 The 90032 Performance Specification 90033, requires that a mix be created and tested in a laboratory, which makes it less common, but much more exact for critical applications. The specifier will identify the minimum compressive strength allowed after the 28-day cure period, the percentage of air in the hardened mortar, the percentage of water retained in the mortar, and aggregate ratio of the mix. Once the mix has been tested in a laboratory, the recipe can be used in the field.90003 90002 For a 90032 Proportion Specification 90033, the specifier will identify the exact proportions of ingredients for the mix. This can be done using either weights or volumes. This allows all mortar preparation to be done in the field, which makes it the most common approach since less time is involved in creating the mortar mixtures. 90003 .90000 Wikizero — Mortar (masonry) 90001 90002 90003 90004 90005 90006 90007 90005 Look up 90009 90010 mortar 90011 90012 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 90007 90014 90015 90016 90017 Mortar holding weathered bricks 90018 90010 Mortar 90011 is a workable paste which dries to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes to add decorative colors or patterns to masonry walls. In its broadest sense, mortar includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud or clay, as used between mud bricks.The word «mortar» comes from Latin 90021 mortarium 90012, meaning crushed. 90023 90018 Cement mortar becomes hard when it cures, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure; however, the mortar functions as a weaker component than the building blocks and serves as the sacrificial element in the masonry, because mortar is easier and less expensive to repair than the building blocks. Bricklayers typically make mortars using a mixture of sand, a binder, and water. The most common binder since the early 20th century is Portland cement, but the ancient binder lime mortar is still used in some specialty new construction.Lime, lime mortar and gypsum in the form of plaster of Paris are used particularly in the repair and repointing of historic buildings and structures so that the repair materials will be similar in performance and appearance to the original materials. Several types of cement mortars and additives exist. 90023 90026 Ancient mortar [edit] 90027 90018 The first mortars were made of mud and clay, 90029 [1] 90030 as demonstrated in the 10th millennia BCE buildings of Jericho, and the 8th millennia BCE of Ganj Dareh.90029 [1] 90030 90023 90018 According to Roman Ghirshman, the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the Mehrgarh of Baluchistan in the Indus Valley, Pakistan, built of sun-dried bricks in 6500 BCE. 90029 [2] 90030 90023 90018 Gypsum mortar, also called plaster of Paris, was used in the construction of many ancient structures. It is made from gypsum, which requires a lower firing temperature. It is therefore easier to make than lime mortar and sets up much faster, which may be a reason it was used as the typical mortar in ancient, brick arch and vault construction.Gypsum mortar is not as durable as other mortars in damp conditions. 90029 [3] 90030 90023 90018 In the Indian subcontinent, multiple cement types have been observed in the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, with 90009 gypsum appearing at sites 90012 such as the Mohenjo-daro city-settlement that dates to earlier than 2600 BCE . 90023 90018 Gypsum cement that was «90009 light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime 90012» was used in the construction of wells, drains, and on the exteriors of «90009 important looking buildings 90012 .»Bitumen mortar was also used at a lower-frequency, including in the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro. 90029 [4] 90030 90029 [5] 90030 90023 90018 In early Egyptian pyramids, which were constructed during the Old Kingdom (~ 2600- 2500 BCE), the limestone blocks were bound by a mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand. 90029 [6] 90030 In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of gypsum, or lime. 90029 [7] 90030 Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of plaster and sand and was quite soft. 90023 90018 2nd millennia BCE Babylonian constructions used lime or pitch for mortar.90023 90018 Historically, building with concrete and mortar next appeared in Greece. The excavation of the underground aqueduct of Megara revealed that a reservoir was coated with a pozzolanic mortar 12 mm thick. This aqueduct dates back to c. 500 BCE. 90029 [8] 90030 Pozzolanic mortar is a lime based mortar, but is made with an additive of volcanic ash that allows it to be hardened underwater; thus it is known as hydraulic cement. The Greeks obtained the volcanic ash from the Greek islands Thira and Nisiros, or from the then Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Pozzuoli) near Naples, Italy.The Romans later improved the use and methods of making what became known as pozzolanic mortar and cement. 90029 [7] 90030 Even later, the Romans used a mortar without pozzolana using crushed terra cotta, introducing aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide into the mix. This mortar was not as strong as pozzolanic mortar, but, because it was denser, it better resisted penetration by water. 90029 [9] 90030 90023 90018 Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash.Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic-organic composite sticky rice mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar. 90029 [10] 90030 90029 [11] 90030 90023 90018 It is not understood how the art of making hydraulic mortar and cement, which was perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia. During the Middle Ages when the Gothic cathedrals were being built, the only active ingredient in the mortar was lime.Since cured lime mortar can be degraded by contact with water, many structures suffered over the centuries from wind-blown rain. 90023 90026 Ordinary Portland cement mortar [edit] 90027 90082 Laying bricks with Portland cement mortar 90083 Mortar mixed inside a 5-gallon bucket using clean water and mortar from a bag. When it’s the right consistency, as in the photo (trowel stands up), it’s ready to apply. 90018 90010 Ordinary Portland cement mortar 90011, commonly known as OPC mortar or just cement mortar, is created by mixing powdered Ordinary Portland Cement, fine aggregate and water.90023 90018 It was invented in 1794 by Joseph Aspdin and patented on 18 December 1824 largely as a result of efforts to develop stronger mortars. It was made popular during the late nineteenth century, and had by 1930 became more popular than lime mortar as construction material. The advantages of Portland cement is that it sets hard and quickly, allowing a faster pace of construction. Furthermore, fewer skilled workers are required in building a structure with Portland cement. 90023 90018 As a general rule, however, Portland cement should not be used for the repair or repointing of older buildings built in lime mortar, which require the flexibility, softness and breathability of lime if they are to function correctly.90029 [12] 90030 90029 [13] 90030 90023 90018 In the United States and other countries, five standard types of mortar (available as dry pre-mixed products) are generally used for both new construction and repair. Strengths of mortar change based on the mix ratio for each type of mortar, which are specified under the ASTM standards. These premixed mortar products are designated by one of the five letters, M, S, N, O, and K. Type M mortar is the strongest, and Type K the weakest. The mix ratios and are always expressed by volume of Portland cement: lime: sand {\ displaystyle {\ text {Portland cement: lime: sand}}}.90023 90098 90003 90004 90101 Mortar Type 90102 90101 Portland Cement 90102 90101 Lime 90102 90101 Sand 90102 90014 90004 90101 M 90102 90005 1 90007 90005 1/4 90007 90005 3-1 / 2 90007 90014 90004 90101 S 90102 90005 1 90007 90005 1/2 90007 90005 4-1 / 2 90007 90014 90004 90101 N 90102 90005 1 90007 90005 1 90007 90005 6 90007 90014 90004 90101 O 90102 90005 1 90007 90005 2 90007 90005 9 90007 90014 90004 90101 K 90102 90005 1 90007 90005 3 90007 90005 12 90007 90014 90015 90016 90018 These type letters are apparently taken from the alternate letters of the words «90010 M 90011 a 90010 S 90011 o 90010 N 90011 w 90010 O 90011 r 90010 K 90011».90029 [14] 90030 90023 90026 Polymer cement mortar [edit] 90027 90018 Polymer cement mortars (PCM) are the materials which are made by partially replacing the cement hydrate binders of conventional cement mortar with polymers. The polymeric admixtures include latexes or emulsions, redispersible polymer powders, water-soluble polymers, liquid thermoset resins and monomers. It has low permeability, and it reduces the incidence of drying shrinkage cracking, mainly designed for repairing concrete structures.One brand of PCM is MagneLine. 90023 90026 Lime mortar [edit] 90027 90018 The setting speed can be increased by using impure limestone in the kiln, to form a hydraulic lime that will set on contact with water. Such a lime must be stored as a dry powder. Alternatively, a pozzolanic material such as calcined clay or brick dust may be added to the mortar mix. Addition of a pozzolanic material will make the mortar set reasonably quickly by reaction with the water. 90023 90018 It would be problematic to use Portland cement mortars to repair older buildings originally constructed using lime mortar.Lime mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing brickwork a certain degree of flexibility to adapt to shifting ground or other changing conditions. Cement mortar is harder and allows little flexibility. The contrast can cause brickwork to crack where the two mortars are present in a single wall. 90023 90018 Lime mortar is considered breathable in that it will allow moisture to freely move through and evaporate from the surface. In old buildings with walls that shift over time, cracks can be found which allow rain water into the structure.The lime mortar allows this moisture to escape through evaporation and keeps the wall dry. Re-pointing or rendering an old wall with cement mortar stops the evaporation and can cause problems associated with moisture behind the cement. 90023 90026 Pozzolanic mortar [edit] 90027 90018 Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash. It was originally discovered and dug at Pozzuoli, nearby Mount Vesuvius in Italy, and was subsequently mined at other sites, too. The Romans learned that pozzolana added to lime mortar allowed the lime to set relatively quickly and even under water.Vitruvius, the Roman architect, spoke of four types of pozzolana. It is found in all the volcanic areas of Italy in various colours: black, white, grey and red. Pozzolana has since become a generic term for any siliceous and / or aluminous additive to slaked lime to create hydraulic cement. 90029 [15] 90030 90023 90018 Finely ground and mixed with lime it is a hydraulic cement, like Portland cement, and makes a strong mortar that will also set under water. 90023 90026 Firestop mortar [edit] 90027 90018 Firestop mortars are mortars most typically used to firestop large openings in walls and floors required to have a fire-resistance rating.They are passive fire protection items. Firestop mortars differ in formula and properties from most other cementitious substances 90029 [90009 citation needed 90012] 90030 and can not be substituted with generic mortars without violating the listing and approval use and compliance. 90023 90018 Firestop mortar is usually a combination of powder mixed with water, forming a cementatious stone which dries hard. It is sometimes mixed with lightweight aggregates, such as perlite or vermiculite 90029 [90009 citation needed 90012] 90030.It is sometimes pigmented to distinguish it from generic materials 90029 [90009 citation needed 90012] 90030 in an effort to prevent unlawful substitution and to enable verification of the certification listing. 90023 90026 Radiocarbon dating [edit] 90027 90018 As the mortar hardens, the current atmosphere is encased in the mortar and thus provides a sample for analysis. Various factors affect the sample and raise the margin of error for the analysis. 90029 [16] 90030 90029 [17] 90030 90029 [18] 90030 90029 [19] 90030 The possibility to use radiocarbon dating as a tool for mortar dating was introduced as early as the 1960s, soon after the method was established (Delibrias and Labeyrie 1964; Stuiver and Smith 1965; Folk and Valastro 1976).The very first data were provided by van Strydonck et al. (1983), Heinemeier et al. (1997) and Ringbom and Remmer (1995). Than the methodological aspect were developed by different groups (an international team headed by Åbo Akademi University, and teams from CIRCE, CIRCe, ETHZ, Poznań, RICH and Milano-Bicocca laboratory. To evaluate the different anthropogenic carbon extraction methods for radiocarbon dating as well as to compare the different dating methods, ie radiocarbon and OSL, the first intercomparison study (MODIS) was set up and published in 2017.90011 90252 OP Jaggi (1969), 90009 History of science and technology in India, Volume 1 90012, Atma Ram, 1969, 90277 90009 … In some of the important-looking buildings, gypsum cement of a light gray colour was used on the outside to prevent the mud mortar from crumbling down. In a very well constructed drain of the Intermediate period, the mortar which was used contains a high percentage of lime instead of gypsum. Bitumen was found to have been used only at one place in Mohenjo-daro. This was in the construction of the great bath.90011 90252 Hayen R, Van Strydonck M, Fontaine L, Boudin M, Lindroos A, Heinemeier J, Ringbom A, Michalska D, Hajdas I, Hueglin S, Marzaioli F, Terrasi F, Passariello I, Capano M, Maspero F, Panzeri L , Galli A, Artioli G, Addis A, Secco M, Boaretto E, Moreau C, Guibert P, Urbanova P, Czernik J, Goslar T, Caroselli M (2017). «Mortar dating methodology: intercomparison of available methods». 90009 Radiocarbon 90012. 90010 59 90011 (6). 90257 90236 90393.90000 Mortar (masonry) 90001 90002 For other uses, see Mortar (disambiguation). 90003 Mortar holding weathered bricks 90002 90005 Mortar 90006 is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them. The blocks may be stone, brick, cinder blocks, etc. Mortar becomes hard when it sets, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure. Modern mortars are typically made from a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or lime, and water. Mortar can also be used to fix, or 90007 point 90008, masonry when the original mortar has washed away.90009 [1] 90010 90003 90012 Ancient mortar 90013 90002 The first mortars were made of mud and clay. Because of a lack of stone and an abundance of clay, Babylonian constructions were of baked brick, using lime or pitch for mortar. According to Roman Ghirshman, the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the ziggurat of Sialk in Iran, built of sun-dried bricks in 2900 BC. 90009 [2] 90010 The Chogha Zanbil Temple in Iran was built in about 1250 BC with kiln-fired bricks and a strong mortar of bitumen.90003 90002 In early Egyptian pyramids constructed about 2600-2500 BC, the limestone blocks were bound by mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand. 90009 [3] 90010 In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of either gypsum or lime. 90009 [4] 90010 Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of plaster and sand and was quite soft. 90003 90002 In the Indian subcontinent, multiple cement types have been observed in the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as the Mohenjo-daro city-settlement that dates to earlier than 2600 BCE.Gypsum cement that was «90007 light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime 90008» was used in the construction of wells, drains and on the exteriors of «90007 important looking buildings 90008.» Bitumen mortar was also used at a lower-frequency, including in the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro. 90009 [5] 90010 90009 [6] 90010 90003 90002 Historically, building with concrete and mortar next appeared in Greece. The excavation of the underground aqueduct of Megara revealed that a reservoir was coated with a pozzolanic mortar 12 mm thick.This aqueduct dates back to c. 500 BC. 90009 [7] 90010 Pozzolanic mortar is a lime based mortar, but is made with an additive of volcanic ash that allows it to be hardened underwater; thus it is known as hydraulic cement. The Greeks obtained the volcanic ash from the Greek islands Thira and Nisiros, or from the then Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Pozzuoli) near Naples, Italy. The Romans later improved the use and methods of making what became known as pozzolanic mortar and cement. 90009 [4] 90010 Even later, the Romans used a mortar without pozzolana using crushed terra cotta, introducing aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide into the mix.This mortar was not as strong as pozzolanic mortar, but, because it was denser, it better resisted penetration by water. 90009 [8] 90010 90003 90002 Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash. Around CE 500, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic-organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar. 90009 [9] 90010 90009 [10] 90010 90003 90002 It is not understood why the art of making hydraulic mortar and cement, which was perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia.During the Middle Ages when the Gothic cathedrals were being built, the only active ingredient in the mortar was lime. Since cured lime mortar can be degraded by contact with water, many structures suffered from wind blown rain over the centuries. 90003 Laying bricks with portland cement mortar 90012 Portland cement mortar 90013 90002 90005 Portland cement mortar 90006 (is very often known simply as cement mortar) and is created by mixing Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), hydrated lime, and aggregate (or sand) with water.90003 90002 It was invented in 1794 by Joseph Aspdin and patented on 18 December 1824 largely as a result of various scientific efforts to develop stronger mortars than existed at the time. It was made popular during the late nineteenth century, and owing to the First World War, by 1930 it had superseded lime mortar for new construction. The main reasons for this were that Portland cement sets hard and quickly, allowing a faster pace of construction, and requires less skilled workers. However, as a general rule, Portland cement should not be used for the repair of older buildings constructed in lime mortar, which require the flexibility, softness and breathability of lime if they are to function correctly.90003 Mortar mixed inside a 5 gallon bucket using clean water and mortar from a bag. When it’s the right consistency as in the photo (trowel stands up) it’s ready to apply. 90002 In the United States (and other countries), one of five standard types of mortar (available as a dry premixed product) are generally used for both new construction and repair. The ratio of cement, lime, and sand included in each mortar type produces different strengths of mortar. The formulations for each type are specified by the ASTM standards organization.These premixed mortar products are designated by one of the five letters M, S, N, O, and K, with Type M mortar being the highest strength and Type K the weakest. These type letters are taken from the alternate letters of the words «MaSoN wOrK». 90003 90012 Polymer cement mortar 90013 90002 Polymer cement mortars (PCM) are the materials which are made by partially replacing the cement hydrate binders of conventional cement mortar with polymers. The polymeric admixtures include latexes or emulsions, redispersible polymer powders, water-soluble polymers, liquid resins and monomers.It has low permeability, and it reduces the incidence of drying shrinkage cracking, mainly designed for repairing concrete structures. For an example see MagneLine. 90003 90012 Lime mortar 90013 Main article: Lime mortar 90002 The speed of set can be increased by using impure limestones in the kiln, to form a hydraulic lime that will set on contact with water. Such a lime must be stored as a dry powder. Alternatively, a pozzolanic material such as calcined clay or brick dust may be added to the mortar mix.This will have a similar effect of making the mortar set reasonably quickly by reaction with the water in the mortar. 90003 90002 Using Portland cement mortars in repairs to older buildings originally constructed using lime mortar can be problematic. This is because lime mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing brickwork a certain degree of flexibility to move to adapt to shifting ground or other changing conditions. Cement mortar is harder and allows less flexibility. The contrast can cause brickwork to crack where the two mortars are present in a single wall.90003 90002 Lime mortar is considered breathable in that it will allow moisture to freely move through it and evaporate from its surface. In old buildings with walls that shift over time, there are often cracks which allow rain water into the structure. The lime mortar allows this moisture to escape through evaporation and keeps the wall dry. Repointing or rendering an old wall with cement mortar stops this evaporation and can cause problems associated with moisture behind the cement. 90003 90012 Pozzolana mortar 90013 90002 Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash, originally discovered and dug in Italy at Pozzuoli in the region around Mount Vesuvius, but later at a number of other sites.The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius speaks of four types of pozzolana. It is found in all the volcanic areas of Italy in various colours: black, white, grey and red. 90003 90002 Finely ground and mixed with lime it acts like Portland cement and makes a strong mortar that will also set under water. 90003 90012 Radiocarbon dating 90013 90002 An international team headed by Åbo Akademi University has developed a method of determining the age of mortar using radiocarbon dating. As the mortar hardens, the current atmosphere is encased in the mortar and thus provides a sample for analysis.One major challenge is various factors that affect the sample and raise the margin of error for the analysis. 90009 [11] 90010 90003 90012 Mortar Analysis 90013 90002 I. Mortar analysis is the scientific investigation of a variety of cementitious materials such as mortar, stucco, chinking, concrete, and plaster. For the purposes of this discussion all are referred to as «mortar» even though they differ from each other in very significant ways. Mortar analysis is the effort to determine the components of mortar.Unfortunately, no known form of analysis is able to determine relative proportions of the components with any precision. There are two primary types of analysis being used at the present time, as follow: 90003 90002 A. Acid digestion. Acid digestion is a technique that dates from at least the mid-nineteenth century. It is a relatively simple procedure in which hydrochloric acid is used to dissolve the binding component of the mortar which is typically lime and / or Portland cement. Insoluble components such as sand and fines (dirt associated with the sand and / or coloring agents) remain.The sand can then be sieved to determine ratios of sand grain sizes. 90003 90002 Some individuals have (unsuccessfully) attempted to calculate exact proportions of the components using this technique. At this time there is no accurate means of determining proportions, although experienced mortar analysts can provide general recommendations, especially concerning the probable components. 90003 90002 Advantages to this technique include the following: 1.) It is simple and, therefore, inexpensive relative to other techniques.2.) It provides an excellent set of data regarding the sand component of the mortar as well as an actual sample of the sand. 3.) It provides an excellent sample of any coloring agents, whether they are fines or actual granular components which appear in the sand sample. 4.) In comparative analysis the sand serves as a type of DNA so that samples which have sand which is closely similar in gradation and color to other samples can be reliable understood to be of the same mortar. Contrariwise, if the sand does not match between samples then one can reasonably conclude that the mortars were applied at differing times.90003 90002 Disadvantages to this technique include the following: 1.) It can be time-consuming as it is a wet process requiring filtering of the fines. Portland cement mortar samples can take upward of a week to filter. Lime mortar samples typically require two days to process. 2.) If the sand is composed of calcium carbonate or other acid-soluble particles (which is quite unusual) the results will be skewed. 3.) If the binder is not acid-soluble, as with gypsum in many plasters, the gypsum will appear typically in the fines or in the finer elements of the sand.4.) If there is no binder in the mortar, as in many mud chinkings, then the dirt, or mud, will appear in the fines. 5.) It does not provide an accurate ratio of binder to sand. 6.) Precise identification of the mineral content of the sand is impossible. 90003 90002 B. Instrumental techniques. A vast array of highly technical analytical instruments are currently available to the construction industry, man of which are routinely applied to mortar analyses. Commonly employed instrument include atomic absorption spectrometers, which measure elemental composition, and X-ray diffractometers, which identify mineralogical components.These machines are capable of producing very precise data with excellent resolution, but there is no analytical instrument that can identify mortar components and determine proportions. This information can only be arrived at through interpretation by an experienced materials scientist. 90003 90002 II. Mortar analysis is performed to determine as best possible the significant aspects of the mortar. Typically, the desire is to replicate mortar to match other mortar (typically the original mortar) in order to accurately match that mortar both visually and functionally.This is critical for projects such as spot repointing. It may also be done for mortars which have not performed well so that adjustments in the mixture can be recommended to provide a similar mortar with greater longevity and which will not negatively impact the adjacent masonry units. The significant aspects include the following: 90003 90002 A. Sand content. This includes such things as sand grain sizes, sand color, mineral types. It also may be used in a comparative determination to ascertain the relative similarity and ages between mortar from varying locations in the building.90003 90002 B. Binder content. This includes determination of binder types (lime, Portland cement, natural cement, gypsum, or other) and approximate ratios of binder to sand. 90003 90002 C. Presence of other binding materials such as hair or fiber binders typically used in plaster and identification of composition of these binders. 90003 90002 D. Colorants. Frequently mortar, especially pointing mortar, is colored. It is essential to identify the colorants used to achieve the final color in order to achieve a mortar which will match the existing mortar both at the present time and long into the future.90003 90002 III. Who does mortar analysis? There are several types of venues where mortar analysis is performed, as follow: 90003 90002 A. Independent architectural conservators. These individuals typically employ the acid digestion technique for their analysis. This is the technique used by David Arbogast, Architectural Conservator (www.mortaranalysis.biz). Their experience does vary considerably and it is recommended that before choosing one, a resume of projects and experience be requested.The advantage to using an architectural conservator is that it tends to be quite cost-effective and answers the basic questions concerning mortar. As noted above, however, the acid digestion technique does have its limitations. 90003 90002 B. Independent material testing laboratories. There are a number of independent testing laboratories which have the equipment and personnel to perform the highly technical analysis described above. As with architectural conservators, they provide clear and unbiased results.Sometimes, however, as with any such reports, the average layman may find them difficult to interpret and understand so that care should be taken on the part of the laboratory to write the reports in understandable prose. One disadvantage to using these techniques, as noted above, is the relatively high cost. 90003 90002 C. Industry laboratories. Both the lime industry and the Portland cement industry have testing facilities and most of the current lime suppliers are able to provide mortar analysis using the acid digestion technology.They then use the results to produce new mortar for the customer. The advantage to this approach is that it tends to be faster than working with independent laboratories because the results are produced in-house. The disadvantage is that there frequently is a strong bias toward identifying mortar as containing the product of the manufacturer. For example, if a historic mortar contained both lime and Portland cement as the binders, it is not unreasonable that a lime manufacturer will simply use lime as the binder of the new mortar and vice versa for a Portland cement supplier.90006 OP Jaggi, 90007 History of science and technology in India, Volume 1 90008, Atma Ram, 1969, http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm3NAAAAMAAJ, «90007 … In some of the important-looking buildings, gypsum cement of a light gray colour was used on the outside to prevent the mud mortar from crumbling down. In a very well constructed drain of the Intermediate period, the mortar which was used contains a high percentage of lime instead of gypsum. Bitumen was found to have been used only at one place in Mohenjo-daro.90006 90007 Dating Ancient Mortar 90008 — American Scientist Online vol. 91, 2003 90124 90185 .90000 definition of mortar_ (masonry) and synonyms of mortar_ (masonry) (English) 90001 90002 Mortar holding weathered bricks 90003 90002 90005 Mortar 90006 is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps between them. The blocks may be stone, brick, cinder blocks, etc. Mortar becomes hard when it sets, resulting in a rigid aggregate structure. Modern mortars are typically made from a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or lime, and water. Mortar can also be used to fix, or 90007 point 90008, masonry when the original mortar has washed away.90009 [1] 90010 90003 90012 Ancient mortar 90013 90002 The first mortars were made of mud and clay. Because of a lack of stone and an abundance of clay, Babylonian constructions were of baked brick, using lime or pitch for mortar. According to Roman Ghirshman, the first evidence of humans using a form of mortar was at the ziggurat of Sialk in Iran, built of sun-dried bricks in 2900 BC. 90009 [2] 90010 The Chogha Zanbil Temple in Iran was built in about 1250 BC with kiln-fired bricks and a strong mortar of bitumen.90003 90002 In early Egyptian pyramids constructed about 2600-2500 BC, the limestone blocks were bound by mortar of mud and clay, or clay and sand. 90009 [3] 90010 In later Egyptian pyramids, the mortar was made of either gypsum or lime. 90009 [4] 90010 Gypsum mortar was essentially a mixture of plaster and sand and was quite soft. 90003 90002 In the Indian subcontinent ,, multiple cement types have been observed in the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as the Mohenjo-daro city-settlement that dates to earlier than 2600 BCE.Gypsum cement that was «90007 light grey and contained sand, clay, traces of calcium carbonate, and a high percentage of lime 90008» was used in the construction of wells, drains and on the exteriors of «90007 important looking buildings 90008.» Bitumen mortar was also used at a lower-frequency, including in the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro. 90009 [5] 90010 90009 [6] 90010 90003 90002 Historically, building with concrete and mortar next appeared in Greece. The excavation of the underground aqueduct of Megara revealed that a reservoir was coated with a pozzolanic mortar 12 mm thick.This aqueduct dates back to c. 500 BC. 90009 [7] 90010 Pozzolanic mortar is a lime based mortar, but is made with an additive of volcanic ash that allows it to be hardened underwater; thus it is known as hydraulic cement. The Greeks obtained the volcanic ash from the Greek islands Thira and Nisiros, or from the then Greek colony of Dicaearchia (Pozzuoli) near Naples, Italy. The Romans later improved the use and methods of making what became known as pozzolanic mortar and cement. 90009 [4] 90010 Even later, the Romans used a mortar without pozzolana using crushed terra cotta, introducing aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide into the mix.This mortar was not as strong as pozzolanic mortar, but, because it was denser, it better resisted penetration by water. 90009 [8] 90010 90003 90002 Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash. Around CE 500, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic-organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar. 90009 [9] 90010 90009 [10] 90010 90003 90002 It is not understood why the art of making hydraulic mortar and cement, which was perfected and in such widespread use by both the Greeks and Romans, was then lost for almost two millennia.During the Middle Ages when the Gothic cathedrals were being built, the only active ingredient in the mortar was lime. Since cured lime mortar can be degraded by contact with water, many structures suffered from wind blown rain over the centuries. 90003 90002 Laying bricks with Portland cement mortar 90003 90012 Portland cement mortar 90013 90002 90005 Portland cement mortar 90006 (is very often known simply as cement mortar) and is created by mixing Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), hydrated lime, and aggregate (or sand) with water.90003 90002 It was invented in 1794 by Joseph Aspdin and patented on 18 December 1824 largely as a result of various scientific efforts to develop stronger mortars than existed at the time. It was made popular during the late nineteenth century, and owing to the First World War, it had by 1930 superseded lime mortar for new construction. The main reasons for this were that Portland cement sets hard and quickly, allowing a faster pace of construction, and requires less skilled workers. However, as a general rule, Portland cement should not be used for the repair of older buildings constructed in lime mortar, which require the flexibility, softness and breathability of lime if they are to function correctly.90003 90002 Mortar mixed inside a 5 gallon bucket using clean water and mortar from a bag. When it’s the right consistency as in the photo (trowel stands up) it’s ready to apply. 90003 90002 In the United States (and other countries), one of five standard types of mortar (available as a dry premixed product) are generally used for both new construction and repair. The ratio of cement, lime, and sand included in each mortar type produces different strengths of mortar. The formulations for each type are specified by the ASTM standards organization.These premixed mortar products are designated by one of the five letters M, S, N, O, and K, with Type M mortar being the highest strength and Type K the weakest. These type letters are taken from the alternate letters of the words «MaSoN wOrK». 90003 90012 Polymer cement mortar 90013 90002 Polymer cement mortars (PCM) are the materials which are made by partially replacing the cement hydrate binders of conventional cement mortar with polymers. The polymeric admixtures include latexes or emulsions, redispersible polymer powders, water-soluble polymers, liquid resins and monomers.It has low permeability, and it reduces the incidence of drying shrinkage cracking, mainly designed for repairing concrete structures. For an example see MagneLine. 90003 90012 Lime mortar 90013 Main article: Lime mortar 90002 The speed of set can be increased by using impure limestones in the kiln, to form a hydraulic lime that will set on contact with water. Such a lime must be stored as a dry powder. Alternatively, a pozzolanic material such as calcined clay or brick dust may be added to the mortar mix.This will have a similar effect of making the mortar set reasonably quickly by reaction with the water in the mortar. 90003 90002 Using Portland cement mortars in repairs to older buildings originally constructed using lime mortar can be problematic. This is because lime mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing brickwork a certain degree of flexibility to move to adapt to shifting ground or other changing conditions. Cement mortar is harder and allows less flexibility. The contrast can cause brickwork to crack where the two mortars are present in a single wall.90003 90002 Lime mortar is considered breathable in that it will allow moisture to freely move through it and evaporate from its surface. In old buildings with walls that shift over time, there are often cracks which allow rain water into the structure. The lime mortar allows this moisture to escape through evaporation and keeps the wall dry. Repointing or rendering an old wall with cement mortar stops this evaporation and can cause problems associated with moisture behind the cement. 90003 90012 Pozzolana mortar 90013 90002 Pozzolana is a fine, sandy volcanic ash, originally discovered and dug in Italy at Pozzuoli in the region around Mount Vesuvius, but later at a number of other sites.The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius speaks of four types of pozzolana. It is found in all the volcanic areas of Italy in various colours: black, white, grey and red. 90003 90002 Finely ground and mixed with lime it acts like Portland cement and makes a strong mortar that will also set under water. 90003 90012 Radiocarbon dating 90013 90002 An international team headed by Åbo Akademi University has developed a method of determining the age of mortar using radiocarbon dating. As the mortar hardens, the current atmosphere is encased in the mortar and thus provides a sample for analysis.90006 OP Jaggi, 90007 History of science and technology in India, Volume 1 90008, Atma Ram, 1969, http://books.google.com/books?id=Qm3NAAAAMAAJ, «90007 … In some of the important-looking buildings, gypsum cement of a light gray colour was used on the outside to prevent the mud mortar from crumbling down. In a very well constructed drain of the Intermediate period, the mortar which was used contains a high percentage of lime instead of gypsum. Bitumen was found to have been used only at one place in Mohenjo-daro.90006 90007 Dating Ancient Mortar 90008 — American Scientist Online vol. 91, 2003 90096 90157 .